DESIGN PROCESS.

As a part of this course we were asked to select a problem that interests us and work to create a process of solving it. Since Human- Animal conflicts has become a major concern in recent years, I chose that as a broad topic. Furthermore, Snake- Human conflicts have become one of the more prominent ones of the same, I chose this problem for my Design Process research.

OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM:

Snake problems in India have grown at a tremendous rate. The reasons are not really disputable- rapid destruction of snake habitat causes a decline in prey sources for the snake which leads them towards human settlements. There are deaths on either sides due to these conflicts.

HUMAN-DEATHS BY ANIMALS.

Brainstorming:

I asked people what they think of first when they hear SNAKES, analysed the most common answers that I got, and then came up with the problem statement.

INITIAL PROBLEM STATEMENT:

To understand and figure out the reasons for conflict between snakes and humans and find possible solutions to reduce them.

SNAKES.

Snakes are one of the best examples of the quote "Survival of the Fittest". 

 Both, snakes and crocodiles have evolved with very minute anatomical change from their ancestors. It's almost impossible to improve upon near perfect killing machines, isn't it?
Snakes are one of the most extensively distributed species of living organisms in the world. The only areas where they are not found are the sub-zero temperature regions of North and South Pole. Being so widely distributed into various habitats, conflicts between humans and snakes is inevitable. Both have the potential of killing each other, but it is humans who have done more damage to the latter. Most people in India, rural and urban both, still don't know the value of snakes in their respective ecosystems and to the whole environment. Killing them for sport, skin trade, food, medicines etcetera is still rampant and this is hurting the ecology in a very severe way. Most of the snake bites to humans happen when they are provoked.

• Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes. 

•  To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung.

• Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period.
• Most species are non-venomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defence.
• Snakes use smell to track their prey. They smell by using their forked tongues to collect airborne particles, then passing them to the vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ in the mouth for examination. 

• Pit vipers, pythons, and some boas have infrared-sensitive receptors in deep grooves on the snout, which allow them to "see" the radiated heat of warm-blooded prey mammals.

Above: Labial pits of an Albino Burmese Python.

                                               Below: Loreal pits of a Rattlesnake.

• The skin of a snake is covered in scales. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to travel, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, keeled, or granular. 
• The shedding of scales is called ecdysis (or in normal usage, moulting or sloughing).
• Although a wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes, all snakes employ internal fertilization. 
• All snakes are strictly carnivorous.
• The snake's jaw is a complex structure.They have a very flexible lower jaw, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull, allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole.

PROBLEM ASSESSMENT MATRIX.

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/154xsxftNlvKObR7i9yHG7E_OO6QUTsTaWCEB1PUZ9E0/edit?usp=sharing

Snakes cause few problems, and the few they do are relatively benign. Some of the larger species may cause problems around poultry houses, occasionally taking chicks or eggs, but—except for the venomous species— snakes are not a threat to humans or their pets. That does not convince people who have a deep-seated fear of these animals that they are harmless, and the fear some people have at even a glimpse of these reptiles contributes mightily to what are real conflicts between humans and snakes.

Venomous snakes are another matter. If you encounter a venomous snake in your yard, take it seriously. The snake should be removed to ensure that no one, including pets, gets hurt.This does not mean the snake has to be killed.

In many places, you can call animal-control or local police or fire departments to remove the snake. What happens after that may be problematic, since most poisonous snakes have well defined ranges in which resources, such as winter dens (hibernacula), are critical to their survival.

Moving snakes into unfamiliar territory may compromise their chances to survive.

Your local animal control agency is the best place to start looking for someone knowledgeable about snakes who can give advice about the best course of action when a snake must be removed. Many states have herpetological associations and university extension specialists may be good sources of information or able to network with others who are.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE A SNAKE PRESENCE WITHOUT SEEING THE SNAKE.

• Presence of snake skin.
• Presence of mice, rats and other snake food sources which can cause the problem.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM : 

1. BEING SENSIBLE, NOT STUPID!!!

Showing bravado where it doesn't need to be shown is foolish, and in this case- LIFE           

THREATENING.

 No one is going to judge you if you are afraid of snakes. When a snake is spotted, BACK OFF. Treat all the snakes as venomous and follow utmost caution. Unless you are an expert snake handler and know what to do, don't do anything. Always keep the forest and wildlife welfare office number in your call diary. You never know when you would need it. If a snake is seen in your house, don't provoke it. It is more likely to stay there till help comes or slither away from your house for good.

2. BE QUICK!!!

If you see any kind of snake, click a picture. show it to the wildlife officials of your area. It will help them to create awareness about that species as well as take necessary actions to prevent either party from getting harmed. If someone gets bit, the photo of the snake will help identify it's species and the type of anti-venom to be administered to the patient. Wrong kind of anti-venom, if administered, can cause fatal consequences. It is highly recommended to keep a field guide of the flora and fauna of your surroundings.

3. 

4. AWARENESS.

The wildlife officials of every village, town or city should carry out regular awareness programs for the public to educate them about the wildlife of that area and to tell them that killing animals is not the only safe way. Public should by themselves strive to educate their families and friends about the same. People should also be told that the killing of snakes also has an adverse effect on the environment and that we should respect their role in the maintenance of ecological balance.

5. SUPERSTITIONS AND THEIR DRAWBACKS.

Our society is not devoid of superstitious beliefs about.....well, almost EVERYTHING. In case of snakebites, there are many.

• Leaving the victim unattended so that the venom cleanses his body of all his sins.
• Killing the first snake sees each year will guarantee them victory over any foes.
• Rub crocodile blood into the bite to negate the effects of the poison.
• Snakes hypnotize their prey.
• Seeing a snake cross one’s path, or dreaming of serpents are both said to be bad luck.
• Carrying a snake’s tooth will ward off fever, and one may be carried for luck in gambling.
• To avoid getting bitten by a snake in the first place the simplest course is to wear an emerald.
• Milk snakes drink milk from cows and steal milk from dairies.
• A snake can sting with its tail or tongue.
• A Pilot Black Snake (Rat Snake) leads other snakes to safe hibernating places in winter.
• Black Snakes and Copperheads can cross breed producing a poisonous black snake.

Some of these superstitions make no sense!!! People shouldn't become blind followers to all the things that their fathers and forefathers say. They should question the credibility of these sayings.

6. LEARNING BASIC SNAKE HANDLING.

It's kind of far fetched, but learning how to carefully handle a snake can actually go a long way in helping you with this problem. As said earlier, snakes don't attack unless provoked.
There are many household items which can help you move the snake away. Brooms, sweeping pans etcetera, if used carefully can save the snake's and your own life. 
Using a broom, just nudge the snake along any opening on the ground which leads outside the house. If the snake tries to change directions, just direct the broom so as to obstruct it's way and make it slither in the desired direction.

7. REPELLENTS (IMPORTANT).

Creatures, big or small, intelligent or not, are scared of something in the natural world. There is no living organism which is not deterred by something or the other. Assuming this, I categorized these fears and termed them as repellents. The initial brainstorming is as follows:

NATURAL REPELLENTS.

Natural repellents can be smells, tastes, physical attributes etcetera. which ward off unwanted guests (in this case.... Snakes). These are the things that animals have, during Evolution, learnt to avoid or stay away from because of nasty experiences with the same.

BRAINSTORMING:

MAN-MADE REPELLENTS.

Man-made repellents are the things created to keep pests away. These are the things which the animal, over time, learns to avoid.

With the help of these possible solutions, and by studying more about snakes and how their body functions, I tried pinpointing which type of repellents would work best in the case of snakes.

'RED'- EFFECTIVE REPELLENT OPTIONS FOR SNAKES.

With the exception of a few species that have adapted for daytime hunting, most snakes do not see well. Generally they can see shapes but not details.
This poor eyesight probably owes to their evolutionary history as burrowers, living in the dark where eyes weren't much use.

Snakes called pit vipers can see well at night by an amazing trick. Their pits sense heat like night vision goggles. These pits, not eyes, actually are thought to render images of prey in the snakes brain.

The most acute sense in a snake is its sense of smell. The highly developed Jacobson's Organ in a snake helps read and interpret the smell molecules which it's flickering forked tongue collects. These molecules,when they reach the brain, decipher a message associated with the smell. 

Therefore, the best kind of snake repellent would be of the chemical kind (odour, taste). 

Some of the most effective plants are:

1) Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris). #2 OPTION.

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort or common wormwood) is one of several species in the genus Artemisia which have common names that include the word mugwort. This species is also occasionally known as Felon Herb, Chrysanthemum Weed, Wild Wormwood, Old uncle Henry, Sailor’s Tobacco, Naughty Man, Old Man or St. John’s Plant (not St John’s wort).

In some places, wormwood is considered as an invasive weed. It is a very common plant growing on nitrogenous soils such as waste places and roadsides. It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant with a woody root.

The down side of this plant is that it is an aggressive and invasive plant that takes over wherever it is planted which leads to another issue of management control.

Management control of wormwood can be done as the following:

1. Manual removal – expensive and time consuming.
2. Systemic herbicide glyphosphate – targets mugwort and not surrounding plants, may effect soil microbes and other life.
3. Soil Pasteurisation – using Solar to kill mugwort seeds and larger roots.
4. Mulch
5. Herbicides – toxic and pollutes the soil, can bring harm to people who come into contact with them.

2) Pink Agapanthus (Tulbaghia violacea). #1 OPTION.

Tulbaghia violacea is a popular garden plant that is useful for difficult hot corners of the garden as it will tolerate prolonged drought. This attractive plan is ideal for the herb garden, as both the leaves and flowers can be used in salads and other dishes. The crushed leaves may be used to help cure sinus, headaches and to discourage moles from the garden. The smell repels fleas, ticks and mosquitoes when crushed on the skin.

The fresh bulbs can be boiled and the decoction can be taken orally to clear up coughs and colds. It has also been used as a remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis and to destroy intestinal worms.

It is also a very good snake repellent and for this reason the Zulus plant it around their homes.

3) West Indian Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) #3 OPTION.

Snakes don’t like the citrus smell from the leaves. The leaves or the tips can turn brown in extreme heat in summer. It requires very little care.

An added advantage of Lemon Grass, is that is contains citronella which is the base for most mosquito repellents; so plant lots of lemon grass and chase those pesky mosquitoes away.

4) Sarpgandha (Rauwolfia serpentina) #2 OPTION.

Known by a variety of names such as Sarpagandha, Indian Snake root and Insanity herb, this plant is known for its ability to repel away snakes.

Sarpgandha is found in many Asian countries, mainly India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia and Thailand.

5) Green Chiretta (Andrographis paniculata). #2 OPTION.

Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous plant commonly found in India and Sri Lanka. It is widely cultivated in south Asia for the treatment of some infectious disease. The leaves and roots was often used before antibiotics were created.

In Malaysia, it is known as ‘Hempedu Bumi’ literally means ‘bile of earth’ since it is one of the most bitter plant used in traditional medicine.

6) Viper's Bowstring Hemp (Sansevieria trifasciata). #4 OPTION.

Sansevieria trifasciata, also called viper's bowstring hemp, snake plant, mother-in-law's tongue or Saint George's sword (in Brazil) is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to tropical West Africa from Nigeria east to the Congo.

It is an evergreen perennial plant forming dense stands, spreading by way of its creeping rhizome, which is sometimes above ground, sometimes underground. Its stiff leaves grow vertically from a basal rosette. Mature leaves are dark green with light grey-green cross-banding and usually range between 70–90 centimetres (28–35 in) long and 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) wide.

Snakes don’t like its appearance. Snakes will start fearing the plant the moment it is in the garden. Although snake's have a poor sight, they are able to see shapes. The shape of it's leaves is pointed and sharp, hence the name " Mother-in-law's Tongue"!!! It's toxic and can cause gastrointestinal disorders if consumed.

7) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. While more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world.

Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and flavoured shisha tobacco. They can be also consumed as snuff,chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco and snus.

Because of it's strong smell, it acts as an effective snake repellent. But it's not a safe option for the same because of obvious reasons.

There are also Sulphur mixes, Fertiliser repellents, Sprays and Granular repellents etcetera. But these options are not that effective and not advisable to use in and around houses because if ingested there is a high chance of the consequences being fatal.

8) Chilli Plant.

Found everywhere, any type of chilli will help deter snakes, as long as they are hot. Planting chilli plants around the house will help deter snakes as well as other unwanted pests away. But they can also cause harm and pain to children and pets if ingested.

DO-IT-YOURSELF SNAKE REPELLENTS:

1)  Garlic Mixture.

Garlic mixtures are effective as snake repellents. You can either get them commercially such as Snake Stopper or make your own.

Here are the ingredients to make your own garlic mixture:

1. 10 garlic bulbs (purple ones are best as they are very potent)
2. Four table spoons of garlic oil or any other vegetable oil.
3. Some water

 Preparation:

1. Take a blender and add some water.
2. Separate the garlic into cloves and add them to the blender.
3. Start blending it until a smooth nice paste is formed, then add the oil.
4. Leave the mixture in a plastic container for an hour with the lid on.
5. Now it’s ready, and place a few drops in any area you don’t want snakes to be seen. Repeat the process after it rains.
6. The effectiveness of the mixture usually lasts for three weeks, then you will need to make a new batch.

 2) Cinnamon oil & clove oil mixture.
Research has shown that cinnamon oil, clove oil and Eugenol are effective to be used as snake repellents. Snakes will retreat when sprayed directly with these oils and even vacate the area in confined spaces when these oils are introduced in these areas. However, application to hard surfaces will not prevent prevent the snakes from entering the area.

3) Oils and Spirit Mixture.

20 ml Eucalyptus oil.

20 ml Tea tree oil.

20 ml Lavender oil.

20 ml Sandalwood oil.

120 ml Clove oil.

400 ml Methylated spirit.

420 ml Water.

Mix all ingredients in a bottle. Shake properly. The spirit helps in mixing water and oil together. Spray the mixture on the desired area regularly.

The efficiency of these mixtures will depend upon the climate of the area the person is living in. 

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS:

8) EQUIPMENTS (IMPORTANT).

Professional snake handlers, hobbyists, scientists, researchers, explorers etcetera all use snake equipments to handle snakes carefully so as not to harm and be harmed. There are mainly 2 types of snake handling equipments: Snake Tongs and Snake Hooks. 

SNAKE TONGS.

This equipment is widely used by snake handlers all over the world. It has a pistol grip handle with an extended trigger which is connected to the upper jaw of the beak by a strong wire with high tensile strength. The whole mechanism is hidden inside the metal tube called the staff. In many of the models of the snake tongs used today, the staff is adjustable, collapsible for portability.

Many people think that snake tongs are much safer for handlers than snake hooks because of the certainty that the snake will not get loose from the beak. Although there is some truth in this, snake tongs are also dangerous for snakes as most of these sticks are not pressure sensitive. When a snake is grabbed by the beak, it experiences a high amount of force which is concentrated on a very small part of the body, thus hurting it. They can be 

dangerous in the hands of a novice user because they are likely to cause a snake pain and 

injury if gripped too hard. A snake that is injured or in pain is more likely to struggle and bite, so it is important to be gentle and not grip too hard.

Never grab a snake by the neck with tongs as this will cause pain, injury and increased struggling. Grasp a smaller snake or a harmless snake midbody or lower. Grasp a large snake about 1/3 of the way down from the head. You may also try to tong a snake on the lower third of its body, but make sure that the tong is longer than the remaining length of snake. Do not lift a snake fully off the ground for longer than a few seconds, as this can cause it to struggle. You can use the tongs very effectively to slowly drag a snake across the ground in a "come-along" hold, pushing the animal into the sturdy safety container you have ready for it. Once the animal is in the container, you will need to secure and possibly transport it, or call a local snake expert for pickup.

SNAKE HOOKS.

Snake hooks are used by expert snake handlers for manipulating the snake efficiently without putting pressure on its body. Amount of pressure on the snake when handling with a snake hook is negligible as it emulates the feeling of being on a tree branch to a snake. But this equipment is not recommended for beginners as it takes time to master it.

When picking a snake up with a hook, aim roughly for the middle of the body and lift. Be careful not to stab the snake with the hook. Try to be slow and gentle. A snake is less likely to slip off the hook if you can get it all the way off the ground in one smooth move. Don’t use too much force or you may end up wearing the snake on your head when it comes down from where you threw it. Remember that snakes don’t weigh very much; a healthy 4’ rattlesnake weighs less than 4 pounds. Larger, heavier snakes (over 4') should not be lifted entirely off the ground for more than a few seconds as it makes them uncomfortable and more likely to struggle. You can use the hook to lift and partially drag them.
Constrictors (colubrids) such as rat snakes and king snakes are likely to cling to a hook and may be harder to get off a hook than to get on a hook. If a wild North American snake wraps tightly around the hook and clings strongly enough to fully support its own body weight, it is not venomous, and you can use gloves to handle it.
Always have an open temporary container such as a garbage can or bucket ready before you attempt to pick up a snake on a hook, so you can dump it inside in a hurry if you have to. Your goal is to minimize the amount of time and distance you need to carry the snake on the hook. Some snakes will not stay on a hook for more than a few seconds, so that may be all the time you have to decide where to put it down.


SNAKE BAGGER.

It is a stick which has a deep pocket of cloth which helps in bagging the snake safely.

It works by manipulating the snake using a snake hook or tongs into the bag. Snakes do not hesitate to go in as they like shady areas. After making sure that the snake has gone to the bottom of the bag, it is lifted and the metal frame top is twisted to prevent the snake from coming out.

CAUTION: Snake can still see and bite through the fabric, so caution is advised.

PINNING STICK.

Pinning stick is basically a long shaft with a U- shaped frame at one end which has a thick solid rubber/ silicon tube joining it's two ends. It is most commonly used by venom extractors to help them grab the snake's head easily. It is pressed over the region just behind the snake's head so that it can't bite.

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS:

FEATURE BUILDING.

FEATURES IN SNAKE TONGS.

• Pistol grip for good grip.
• Long shaft for safety from snake bites.
• Sturdy structure for efficient handling.
• Collapsible models for increased portability.
• Beak provides good and firm grip on the snake's body.
• Full metal structure for durability.
• Toothed beak for firm grip.
• Flexible and tensile wire for long lasting, repititive use.

These are some of the important features of the snake tongs. Undoubtedly all of these make a really efficient tool for us to handle snakes with. But thinking from a snake's perspective, Some of these have a negative effect on it's body.

• Toothed jaws concentrate pressure on very small area of the snake's body, thus hurting them.
• Narrow jaws do not provide ideal support to the cylindrical snake body and if handled carelessly and with excessive pressure can cause death of snakes.
• Beak snaps shut with force when the trigger is pulled which can hurt the snake.

IDEAL SNAKE TONGS.

• Pistol grip for good grip.
• Long shaft for safety from snake bites.
• Sturdy structure for efficient handling.
• Collapsible models for increased portability.
• Beak provides good and firm grip on the snake's body.
• Full metal structure for durability.
• Silicon/ Rubber padded beak for firm yet safe grip.
• Flexible and tensile wire for long lasting, repititive use.
• Flat surfaced beak for excellent support to the snake's body.
• Curved ends of the beak which align over one another when gripping to minimise the chances of snake going loose.

DIY SNAKE EQUIPMENTS.

1. SNAKE HOOK.

You will need:

1. Metal coat hanger.

2. Metal tube (preferably small diameter).

3. Soldering Iron.

4. Cricket bat grip.

Cut the hook of the coat hanger using a hacksaw. Keep a little of the extended part of the hook to insert into the pipe/ tube.

Insert the hook in the tube. Weld at the junction to form a sturdy hook shaft.

Pull the cricket bat grip over the opposite end of the metal tube till it fits snugly.

Personal snake hook is ready.

2. SNAKE BAGGER.

You will need:

1. 4 metal rods (3 of same size, 1 longer- almost one and a half times than the others).

2. Large pillowcase (largest you can find).

3. Sewing needle and string.

Weld the 3 rods of equal legnth to form a triangle.

Weld the longer rod to one vertex of the triangle.

Roll a small margin of the pillowcase on either sides of the triangle and sew.

Snake Bagger is ready. 

Therefore, the possible solutions to my problem are:

1. Plants which naturally repel snakes.

2. Man- made, safe mixtures which repel.

3. Snake handling equipment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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